Biosynthesis of cofactors

Parent categories	2. Metabolism 2.6. Additional metabolic pathways
Neighbouring categories	2.6.1. Biosynthesis of cell wall components 2.6.2. Biosynthesis of cofactors 2.6.3. Phosphate metabolism 2.6.4. Sulfur metabolism 2.6.5. Iron metabolism 2.6.6. Miscellaneous metabolic pathways
Related categories	BirA regulon FMN-box NadR regulon Thi-box
Overview on the categories (Excel file) All genes and their categories (Excel file)

Genes in this functional category

Biosynthesis/ acquisition of biotin

• bioA
• bioB
• bioD
• bioF
• bioI
• bioW
• birA
• yhfU

Biosynthesis/ acquisition of riboflavin/ fad

• ribA
• ribC
• ribD
• ribE
• ribH
• ribR
• ribT
• ribU
• ycsE

Biosynthesis/ acquisition of thiamine

• dxs
• tenA
• tenI
• thiC
• thiD
• thiE
• thiF
• thiG
• thiL
• thiM
• thiO
• thiS
• thiT
• thiU
• thiV
• thiW
• thiX
• ylmB
• yloS

Biosynthesis of coenzyme a

• coaA
• coaX
• panB
• panC
• panD
• ylbQ
• yloI
• ytaG

Biosynthesis of folate

• dfrA
• folB
• folC
• folE
• folE2
• folK
• pabA
• pabB
• pabC
• sul

Biosynthesis of heme/ siroheme

• ctaA
• ctaB
• ctaO
• gsaB
• hemA
• hemB
• hemC
• hemD
• hemE
• hemH
• hemL
• hemN
• hemQ
• hemX
• hemY
• hemZ
• ylnD
• ylnE
• ylnF

Biosynthesis of lipoic acid (For complete biosynthetic pathway see PubMed)

• lipA
• lipM
• lplJ
• lipL
• gcvH

Biosynthesis of menaquinone

• hepS
• hepT
• menA
• menB
• menC
• menD
• menE
• menF
• menH

Biosynthesis of menaquinone/ based on similarity

• ytxM

Biosynthesis of molybdopterin

• moaA
• moaB
• moaD
• moaE
• mobA
• mobB
• moeA
• moeB
• ydiG

Biosynthesis of nad(p)

• nadA
• nadB
• nadC
• nadD
• nadE
• nadF
• nadR
• niaP
• nifS
• ytdI

Biosynthesis of pyridoxal phosphate

• pdxK
• pdxS
• pdxT

Metabolism of cofactors in SubtiPathways

• CoA synthesis

• Folate biosynthesis

• Menaquinone

• Riboflavin and FAD synthesis

• Thiamin synthesis

• Biotin synthesis

Important original publications

Miglena Manandhar, John E Cronan
Pimelic acid, the first precursor of the Bacillus subtilis biotin synthesis pathway, exists as the free acid and is assembled by fatty acid synthesis.
Mol Microbiol: 2017, 104(4);595-607
[PubMed:28196402] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Fabian M Commichau, Ariane Alzinger, Rafael Sande, Werner Bretzel, Frederik M Meyer, Bastien Chevreux, Markus Wyss, Hans-Peter Hohmann, Zoltán Prágai
Overexpression of a non-native deoxyxylulose-dependent vitamin B6 pathway in Bacillus subtilis for the production of pyridoxine.
Metab Eng: 2014, 25;38-49
[PubMed:24972371] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Important reviews

Jonathan Rosenberg, Till Ischebeck, Fabian M Commichau
Vitamin B6 metabolism in microbes and approaches for fermentative production.
Biotechnol Adv: 2017, 35(1);31-40
[PubMed:27890703] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

John E Cronan
Assembly of Lipoic Acid on Its Cognate Enzymes: an Extraordinary and Essential Biosynthetic Pathway.
Microbiol Mol Biol Rev: 2016, 80(2);429-50
[PubMed:27074917] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I e)

Susanne Katharina Schwechheimer, Enoch Y Park, José Luis Revuelta, Judith Becker, Christoph Wittmann
Biotechnology of riboflavin.
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol: 2016, 100(5);2107-19
[PubMed:26758294] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Markus Birkenmeier, Susanne Neumann, Thorsten Röder
Kinetic modeling of riboflavin biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis under production conditions.
Biotechnol Lett: 2014, 36(5);919-28
[PubMed:24442413] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Tadhg P Begley, Steven E Ealick, Fred W McLafferty
Thiamin biosynthesis: still yielding fascinating biological chemistry.
Biochem Soc Trans: 2012, 40(3);555-60
[PubMed:22616866] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Charles A Abbas, Andriy A Sibirny
Genetic control of biosynthesis and transport of riboflavin and flavin nucleotides and construction of robust biotechnological producers.
Microbiol Mol Biol Rev: 2011, 75(2);321-60
[PubMed:21646432] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Steven Lin, John E Cronan
Closing in on complete pathways of biotin biosynthesis.
Mol Biosyst: 2011, 7(6);1811-21
[PubMed:21437340] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Christopher T Jurgenson, Tadhg P Begley, Steven E Ealick
The structural and biochemical foundations of thiamin biosynthesis.
Annu Rev Biochem: 2009, 78;569-603
[PubMed:19348578] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Tadhg P Begley, Abhishek Chatterjee, Jeremiah W Hanes, Amrita Hazra, Steven E Ealick
Cofactor biosynthesis--still yielding fascinating new biological chemistry.
Curr Opin Chem Biol: 2008, 12(2);118-25
[PubMed:18314013] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Ethan Settembre, Tadhg P Begley, Steven E Ealick
Structural biology of enzymes of the thiamin biosynthesis pathway.
Curr Opin Struct Biol: 2003, 13(6);739-47
[PubMed:14675553] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

A Marquet, B T Bui, D Florentin
Biosynthesis of biotin and lipoic acid.
Vitam Horm: 2001, 61;51-101
[PubMed:11153271] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

T P Begley, D M Downs, S E Ealick, F W McLafferty, A P Van Loon, S Taylor, N Campobasso, H J Chiu, C Kinsland, J J Reddick, J Xi
Thiamin biosynthesis in prokaryotes.
Arch Microbiol: 1999, 171(5);293-300
[PubMed:10382260] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)