GalE
- Description: UDP glucose 4-epimerase
| Gene name | galE |
| Synonyms | |
| Essential | no |
| Product | UDP glucose 4-epimerase |
| Function | galactose utilization |
| Gene expression levels in SubtiExpress: galE | |
| Metabolic function and regulation of this protein in SubtiPathways: galE | |
| MW, pI | 36 kDa, 4.776 |
| Gene length, protein length | 1017 bp, 339 aa |
| Immediate neighbours | yxkC, yxkA |
| Sequences | Protein DNA DNA_with_flanks |
Genetic context 
This image was kindly provided by SubtiList
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Expression at a glance PubMed
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Contents
Categories containing this gene/protein
utilization of specific carbon sources, biofilm formation
This gene is a member of the following regulons
The gene
Basic information
- Locus tag: BSU38860
Phenotypes of a mutant
- smooth colonies on MsGG medium, no biofilm formation in the absence of externally provided galactose PubMed
- the mutant is sensitive to exogenous galactose due to the accumulation of toxic UDP-galactose, this sensitivity can be suppressed by the inactivation of galK (no formation of the toxic UDP-galactose) or of sinR (constitutive expression of the epsA-epsB-epsC-epsD-epsE-epsF-epsG-epsH-epsI-epsJ-epsK-epsL-epsM-epsN-epsO results in detoxification of UDP-galactose) PubMed
Database entries
- BsubCyc: BSU38860
- DBTBS entry: [1]
- SubtiList entry: [2]
Additional information
The protein
Basic information/ Evolution
- Catalyzed reaction/ biological activity: UDP-glucose = UDP-galactose (according to Swiss-Prot)
- Protein family: sugar epimerase family (according to Swiss-Prot)
- Paralogous protein(s):
Extended information on the protein
- Kinetic information:
- Domains:
- Modification:
- Cofactor(s):
- Effectors of protein activity:
Database entries
- BsubCyc: BSU38860
- UniProt: P55180
- KEGG entry: [3]
- E.C. number: 5.1.3.2
Additional information
Expression and regulation
- Operon: galE PubMed
- Regulation:
- strongly repressed in response to glucose starvation in M9 medium PubMed
- Regulatory mechanism:
- Additional information:
- number of protein molecules per cell (minimal medium with glucose and ammonium): 2076 PubMed
- number of protein molecules per cell (complex medium with amino acids, without glucose): 3361 PubMed
- number of protein molecules per cell (minimal medium with glucose and ammonium, exponential phase): 2975 PubMed
- number of protein molecules per cell (minimal medium with glucose and ammonium, early stationary phase after glucose exhaustion): 1717 PubMed
- number of protein molecules per cell (minimal medium with glucose and ammonium, late stationary phase after glucose exhaustion): 3186 PubMed
Biological materials
- Mutant:
- Expression vector:
- lacZ fusion:
- GFP fusion:
- two-hybrid system:
- Antibody:
Labs working on this gene/protein
Your additional remarks
References
Imke G de Jong, Jan-Willem Veening, Oscar P Kuipers
Single cell analysis of gene expression patterns during carbon starvation in Bacillus subtilis reveals large phenotypic variation.
Environ Microbiol: 2012, 14(12);3110-21
[PubMed:23033921]
[WorldCat.org]
[DOI]
(I p)
Yunrong Chai, Pascale B Beauregard, Hera Vlamakis, Richard Losick, Roberto Kolter
Galactose metabolism plays a crucial role in biofilm formation by Bacillus subtilis.
mBio: 2012, 3(4);e00184-12
[PubMed:22893383]
[WorldCat.org]
[DOI]
(I e)
Eric R Pozsgai, Kris M Blair, Daniel B Kearns
Modified mariner transposons for random inducible-expression insertions and transcriptional reporter fusion insertions in Bacillus subtilis.
Appl Environ Microbiol: 2012, 78(3);778-85
[PubMed:22113911]
[WorldCat.org]
[DOI]
(I p)
Blazenka Soldo, Claudio Scotti, Dimitri Karamata, Vladimir Lazarevic
The Bacillus subtilis Gne (GneA, GalE) protein can catalyse UDP-glucose as well as UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 4-epimerisation.
Gene: 2003, 319;65-9
[PubMed:14597172]
[WorldCat.org]
[DOI]
(P p)
O Krispin, R Allmansberger
The Bacillus subtilis galE gene is essential in the presence of glucose and galactose.
J Bacteriol: 1998, 180(8);2265-70
[PubMed:9555917]
[WorldCat.org]
[DOI]
(P p)
