PnpA

• Description: polynucleotide phosphorylase, RNase, involved in double-strand break repair
  
  

Gene name	pnpA
Synonyms	comR
Essential	no
Product	polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase) (EC 2.7.7.8)
Function	DNA repair, competence development, RNA degradation
Gene expression levels in SubtiExpress: pnpA
Interactions involving this protein in SubtInteract: PnpA
MW, pI	77 kDa, 4.89
Gene length, protein length	2115 bp, 705 aa
Immediate neighbours	rpsO, ylxY
Sequences	Protein DNA DNA_with_flanks
Genetic context This image was kindly provided by SubtiList
Expression at a glance   PubMed

Categories containing this gene/protein

genetic competence, DNA repair/ recombination, Rnases, most abundant proteins

This gene is a member of the following regulons

stringent response

The gene

Basic information

• Locus tag: BSU16690

Phenotypes of a mutant

• The pnpA mutant is cold sensitive and sensitive to tetracyclin, it shows multiseptate filamentous growth. PubMed
• The mutant is deficient in genetic competence (no expression of the late competence genes) PubMed
• The mutant overexpresses the trp and putB-putC-putP operons.

Database entries

• BsubCyc: BSU16690

• DBTBS entry: no entry

• SubtiList entry: [1]

The protein

Basic information/ Evolution

• Catalyzed reaction/ biological activity:
  • 3'-5' exoribonuclease, RNase
  • PNPase degrades the trp mRNA from the RNA-TRAP complex
  • involved in double-strand break (DSB) repair via homologous recombination (HR) or non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) PubMed
  • degrades ssDNA (3' --> 5') (stimulated by RecA, inhibited by SsbA) PubMed
  • can polymerize ssDNA at a free 3' OH end, stimulated by RecN PubMed

• Protein family:

• Paralogous protein(s):

Extended information on the protein

• Kinetic information:

• Domains:

• Modification:

• Cofactors:

• Effectors of protein activity:

• Interactions:
  • part of the RNA degradosome PubMed
  • PnpA-RnjA PubMed, K(D) of the interaction: 250 nM PubMed
  • PnpA-PfkA PubMed
  • PnpA-Rny PubMed, K(D) of the interaction: 5 nM PubMed
  • PnpA-CshA PubMed

• Localization:

Database entries

• BsubCyc: BSU16690

• Structure: 3CDI (protein from E. coli), 3GCM (protein from E. coli, PNPase/RNase E micro-domain/RNA tetragonal crystal form )

• UniProt: P50849

• KEGG entry: [2]

• E.C. number:

Additional information

required for the expression of late competence genes comGA and comK, requirement bypassed by a mecA disruption; may be necessary for modification of the srfAA transcript (stabilization or translation activation)

Expression and regulation

• Operon:

• Expression browser: pnpA PubMed

• Sigma factor:

• Regulation:
  • RelA dependent downregulation (Class I) during stringent response PubMed

• Regulatory mechanism:

• Additional information:
  • belongs to the 100 most abundant proteins PubMed
  • number of protein molecules per cell (minimal medium with glucose and ammonium): 3793 PubMed
  • number of protein molecules per cell (complex medium with amino acids, without glucose): 8647 PubMed
  • number of protein molecules per cell (minimal medium with glucose and ammonium, exponential phase): 2302 PubMed
  • number of protein molecules per cell (minimal medium with glucose and ammonium, early stationary phase after glucose exhaustion): 2327 PubMed
  • number of protein molecules per cell (minimal medium with glucose and ammonium, late stationary phase after glucose exhaustion): 2689 PubMed

Biological materials

• Mutant: GP584 (aphA3), available in Jörg Stülke's lab

• Expression vector:
  • for expression, purification in E. coli with N-terminal His-tag, in pWH844: pGP838, available in Jörg Stülke's lab
  • for expression/ purification from B. subtilis with N-terminal Strep-tag, for SPINE, in pGP380: pGP1342, available in Jörg Stülke's lab
  • for chromosomal expression of PnpA-Strep (cat): GP1002, available in Jörg Stülke's lab
  • for chromosomal expression of PnpA-Strep (spc): GP1038, available in Jörg Stülke's lab

• lacZ fusion:

• GFP fusion:

• two-hybrid system: B. pertussis adenylate cyclase-based bacterial two hybrid system (BACTH), available in Jörg Stülke's lab

• FLAG-tag construct:
  • GP1021 (spc, based on pGP1331), available in Jörg Stülke's lab
  • GP1076 (ermC), available in Jörg Stülke's lab

• Antibody:

Labs working on this gene/protein

David Bechhofer, Mount Sinai School, New York, USA Homepage

References

Reviews

Jan Gerwig, Jörg Stülke
Caught in the act: RNA-Seq provides novel insights into mRNA degradation.
Mol Microbiol: 2014, 94(1);5-8
[PubMed:25155548] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Martin Lehnik-Habrink, Richard J Lewis, Ulrike Mäder, Jörg Stülke
RNA degradation in Bacillus subtilis: an interplay of essential endo- and exoribonucleases.
Mol Microbiol: 2012, 84(6);1005-17
[PubMed:22568516] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

José M Andrade, Vânia Pobre, Inês J Silva, Susana Domingues, Cecília M Arraiano
The role of 3'-5' exoribonucleases in RNA degradation.
Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci: 2009, 85;187-229
[PubMed:19215773] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Sue Lin-Chao, Ni-Ting Chiou, Gadi Schuster
The PNPase, exosome and RNA helicases as the building components of evolutionarily-conserved RNA degradation machines.
J Biomed Sci: 2007, 14(4);523-32
[PubMed:17514363] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Devanand Sarkar, Paul B Fisher
Polynucleotide phosphorylase: an evolutionary conserved gene with an expanding repertoire of functions.
Pharmacol Ther: 2006, 112(1);243-63
[PubMed:16733069] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

A J Carpousis, N F Vanzo, L C Raynal
mRNA degradation. A tale of poly(A) and multiprotein machines.
Trends Genet: 1999, 15(1);24-8
[PubMed:10087930] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Original publications

Bo Liu, Gintaras Deikus, Anna Bree, Sylvain Durand, Daniel B Kearns, David H Bechhofer
Global analysis of mRNA decay intermediates in Bacillus subtilis wild-type and polynucleotide phosphorylase-deletion strains.
Mol Microbiol: 2014, 94(1);41-55
[PubMed:25099370] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Andrés Cruz Hernández, Emmanuel Sánchez Millan, Sergio de Jesús Romero Gómez, José Antonio Cervantes Chávez, Rocio Garcia Martínez, Xóchitl Pastrana Martínez, Jackeline Lizzeta Arvizu Gómez, George H Jones, Juan Campos Guillén
Exposure of Bacillus subtilis to mercury induces accumulation of shorter tRNA Cys species.
Metallomics: 2013, 5(4);398-403
[PubMed:23529473] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Joseph A Newman, Lorraine Hewitt, Cecilia Rodrigues, Alexandra S Solovyova, Colin R Harwood, Richard J Lewis
Dissection of the network of interactions that links RNA processing with glycolysis in the Bacillus subtilis degradosome.
J Mol Biol: 2012, 416(1);121-36
[PubMed:22198292] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Gintaras Deikus, David H Bechhofer
5' End-independent RNase J1 endonuclease cleavage of Bacillus subtilis model RNA.
J Biol Chem: 2011, 286(40);34932-40
[PubMed:21862575] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Paula P Cardenas, Thomas Carzaniga, Sandro Zangrossi, Federica Briani, Esther Garcia-Tirado, Gianni Dehò, Juan C Alonso
Polynucleotide phosphorylase exonuclease and polymerase activities on single-stranded DNA ends are modulated by RecN, SsbA and RecA proteins.
Nucleic Acids Res: 2011, 39(21);9250-61
[PubMed:21859751] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Martin Lehnik-Habrink, Joseph Newman, Fabian M Rothe, Alexandra S Solovyova, Cecilia Rodrigues, Christina Herzberg, Fabian M Commichau, Richard J Lewis, Jörg Stülke
RNase Y in Bacillus subtilis: a Natively disordered protein that is the functional equivalent of RNase E from Escherichia coli.
J Bacteriol: 2011, 193(19);5431-41
[PubMed:21803996] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Martin Lehnik-Habrink, Henrike Pförtner, Leonie Rempeters, Nico Pietack, Christina Herzberg, Jörg Stülke
The RNA degradosome in Bacillus subtilis: identification of CshA as the major RNA helicase in the multiprotein complex.
Mol Microbiol: 2010, 77(4);958-71
[PubMed:20572937] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Shiyi Yao, David H Bechhofer
Initiation of decay of Bacillus subtilis rpsO mRNA by endoribonuclease RNase Y.
J Bacteriol: 2010, 192(13);3279-86
[PubMed:20418391] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Juan Campos-Guillén, Jackeline Lizzeta Arvizu-Gómez, George H Jones, Gabriela Olmedo-Alvarez
Characterization of tRNA(Cys) processing in a conditional Bacillus subtilis CCase mutant reveals the participation of RNase R in its quality control.
Microbiology (Reading): 2010, 156(Pt 7);2102-2111
[PubMed:20360175] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Gintaras Deikus, David H Bechhofer
Bacillus subtilis trp Leader RNA: RNase J1 endonuclease cleavage specificity and PNPase processing.
J Biol Chem: 2009, 284(39);26394-401
[PubMed:19638340] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Shiyi Yao, David H Bechhofer
Processing and stability of inducibly expressed rpsO mRNA derivatives in Bacillus subtilis.
J Bacteriol: 2009, 191(18);5680-9
[PubMed:19633085] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Paula P Cardenas, Begoña Carrasco, Humberto Sanchez, Gintaras Deikus, David H Bechhofer, Juan C Alonso
Bacillus subtilis polynucleotide phosphorylase 3'-to-5' DNase activity is involved in DNA repair.
Nucleic Acids Res: 2009, 37(12);4157-69
[PubMed:19433509] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Fabian M Commichau, Fabian M Rothe, Christina Herzberg, Eva Wagner, Daniel Hellwig, Martin Lehnik-Habrink, Elke Hammer, Uwe Völker, Jörg Stülke
Novel activities of glycolytic enzymes in Bacillus subtilis: interactions with essential proteins involved in mRNA processing.
Mol Cell Proteomics: 2009, 8(6);1350-60
[PubMed:19193632] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Juan Campos-Guillén, Patricia Bralley, George H Jones, David H Bechhofer, Gabriela Olmedo-Alvarez
Addition of poly(A) and heteropolymeric 3' ends in Bacillus subtilis wild-type and polynucleotide phosphorylase-deficient strains.
J Bacteriol: 2005, 187(14);4698-706
[PubMed:15995184] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Irina A Oussenko, Teppei Abe, Hiromi Ujiie, Akira Muto, David H Bechhofer
Participation of 3'-to-5' exoribonucleases in the turnover of Bacillus subtilis mRNA.
J Bacteriol: 2005, 187(8);2758-67
[PubMed:15805522] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Christine Eymann, Annette Dreisbach, Dirk Albrecht, Jörg Bernhardt, Dörte Becher, Sandy Gentner, Le Thi Tam, Knut Büttner, Gerrit Buurman, Christian Scharf, Simone Venz, Uwe Völker, Michael Hecker
A comprehensive proteome map of growing Bacillus subtilis cells.
Proteomics: 2004, 4(10);2849-76
[PubMed:15378759] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Gintaras Deikus, Paul Babitzke, David H Bechhofer
Recycling of a regulatory protein by degradation of the RNA to which it binds.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A: 2004, 101(9);2747-51
[PubMed:14976255] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Christine Eymann, Georg Homuth, Christian Scharf, Michael Hecker
Bacillus subtilis functional genomics: global characterization of the stringent response by proteome and transcriptome analysis.
J Bacteriol: 2002, 184(9);2500-20
[PubMed:11948165] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

G A Farr, I A Oussenko, D H Bechhofer
Protection against 3'-to-5' RNA decay in Bacillus subtilis.
J Bacteriol: 1999, 181(23);7323-30
[PubMed:10572137] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

D H Bechhofer, W Wang
Decay of ermC mRNA in a polynucleotide phosphorylase mutant of Bacillus subtilis.
J Bacteriol: 1998, 180(22);5968-77
[PubMed:9811656] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

W Wang, D H Bechhofer
Properties of a Bacillus subtilis polynucleotide phosphorylase deletion strain.
J Bacteriol: 1996, 178(8);2375-82
[PubMed:8636041] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

A Luttinger, J Hahn, D Dubnau
Polynucleotide phosphorylase is necessary for competence development in Bacillus subtilis.
Mol Microbiol: 1996, 19(2);343-56
[PubMed:8825779] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

S Mitra, K Hue, D H Bechhofer
In vitro processing activity of Bacillus subtilis polynucleotide phosphorylase.
Mol Microbiol: 1996, 19(2);329-42
[PubMed:8825778] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

M P Deutscher, N B Reuven
Enzymatic basis for hydrolytic versus phosphorolytic mRNA degradation in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A: 1991, 88(8);3277-80
[PubMed:1707536] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)