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| * '''Description:''' Transcriptional regulator Spx, involved in regulation of many genes. <br/><br/>
| | {{#bank: Spx}} |
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| {| align="right" border="1" cellpadding="2"
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| |style="background:#ABCDEF;" align="center"|'''Gene name'''
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| |''spx''
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| |style="background:#ABCDEF;" align="center"| '''Synonyms''' || ''yjbD ''
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| |style="background:#ABCDEF;" align="center"| '''Essential''' || no
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| |style="background:#ABCDEF;" align="center"| '''Product''' || transcriptional regulator Spx
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| |style="background:#ABCDEF;" align="center"|'''Function''' || negative and positive regulator of many genes
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| |style="background:#ABCDEF;" align="center"| '''MW, pI''' || 15,5 kDa, 7.80
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| |style="background:#ABCDEF;" align="center"| '''Gene length, protein length''' || 393 bp, 131 amino acids
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| |style="background:#ABCDEF;" align="center"|'''Immediate neighbours''' || ''[[yjbC]]'', ''[[yjbE]]''
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| |style="background:#FAF8CC;" align="center"|'''[http://subtiwiki.uni-goettingen.de/genE_nucleotide.txt Gene sequence (+200bp) ]'''
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| |style="background:#FAF8CC;" align="center"|'''[http://subtiwiki.uni-goettingen.de/genE_protein.txt Protein sequence]'''
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| |colspan="2" | '''Genetic context''' <br/> [[Image:genE_context.gif]]
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| |}
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| __TOC__
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| <br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/>
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| =The gene=
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| === Basic information ===
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| * '''Coordinates:'''
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| From To Direction Type
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| 1227010 1227402 + CDS
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| 1227427 1227442 + terminator
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| ===Phenotypes of a mutant ===
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| Loss of up-regulation of the methionine sulfoxide reductase (''[[mrsA]]-[[mrsB]]'') operon in response to thiol specific oxidative stress, also loss of ''[[trxA]]'' and ''[[trxB]]'' upregulation in response to thiol specific oxidative stress.
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| === Database entries ===
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| * '''DBTBS entry:''' [http://dbtbs.hgc.jp/COG/prom/yjbCD.html]
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| * '''SubtiList entry:'''
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| === Additional information===
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| =The protein=
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| === Basic information/ Evolution ===
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| * '''Catalyzed reaction/ biological activity:''' Transcriptional regulator of many genes in response to thiol specific oxidative stress. In addition, Spx inhibits transcription by binding to the C-terminal domain of the alpha subunit of RNAP ([[RpoA]]), disrupting complex formation between RNAP and certain transcriptional activator proteins like [[ResD]] and [[ComA]]. In response to thiol specific oxidative stress, Spx can also activate transcription, making it a general regulator that exerts both positive and negative control over transcription initiation.
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| * '''Protein family:''' Arsenate Reductase (ArsC) family, Spx subfamily
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| * '''Paralogous protein(s):''' [[MgsR]]
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| === Extended information on the protein ===
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| * '''Kinetic information:'''
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| * '''Domains:''' CXXC (10-13): Acts as a disulfide switch for the redox-sensitive transcriptional regulation of genes that function in thiol homeostasis.
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| * '''Modification:''' Cysteine oxidation of the CXXC motif
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| * '''Cofactor(s):'''
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| * '''Effectors of protein activity:'''
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| * '''Interactions:''' Spx-[[RpoA]] (C-terminal domain)
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| * '''Localization:'''
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| === Database entries ===
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| * '''Structure:'''
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| * '''Swiss prot entry:'''
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| * '''KEGG entry:'''
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| * '''E.C. number:'''
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| === Additional information===
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| =Expression and regulation=
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| * '''Operon:''' ''[[yjbC]]-[[spx]]'', ''[[spx]]''
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| * '''Sigma factor:''' four promoters upstream of ''[[yjbC]]'': [[SigW]], [[SigB]], [[SigX]], and unknown sigma [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=+10913081 PubMed]
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| two promoters upstream of ''spx'': [[SigA]], [[SigW]] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=+10913081 PubMed]
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| * '''Regulation:''' Transcription is represed by [[PerR]] and [[YodB ]]
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| * '''Regulatory mechanism:''' transcription repression
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| * '''Additional information:'''Post-translational control by [[ClpX]]-[[ClpP]]: Spx naturally contains a C-terminal sequence that resembles the [[SsrA]] tag and targets the protein for degradation. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12642660?ordinalpos=27&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum PubMed]
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| Proteolysis is enhanced by [[YjbH]]. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19074380?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum PubMed]
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| =Biological materials =
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| =Labs working on this gene/protein=
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| =Your additional remarks=
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| =References=
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| # Choi, S. Y., D. Reyes, M. Leelakriangsak, and P. Zuber. 2006. The global regulator Spx functions in the control of organosulfur metabolism in Bacillus subtilis. J. Bacteriol. 188:5741-5751. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez/16885442 PubMed]
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| # Eiamphungporn, W., and J. D. Helmann. 2008. The Bacillus subtilis sigma(M) regulon and its contribution to cell envelope stress responses. Mol. Microbiol. 67:830-848. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez/18179421 PubMed]
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| # Larsson, J. T., A. Rogstam, and C. von Wachenfeldt. 2007. YjbH is a novel negative effector of the disulphide stress regulator, Spx, in Bacillus subtilis. Mol. Microbiol. 66:669-684. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez/17908206 PubMed]
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| # Leelakriangsak, M., K. Kobayashi, and P. Zuber. 2007. Dual negative control of spx transcription initiation from the P3 promoter by repressors PerR and YodB in Bacillus subtilis. J. Bacteriol. 189:1736-1744. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez/17158660 PubMed]
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| # Nakano, M. M., F. Hajarizadeh, Y. Zhu, and P. Zuber. 2001. Loss-of-function mutations in yjbD result in ClpX- and ClpP-independent competence development of Bacillus subtilis. Mol. Microbiol. 42:383-394.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez/11703662 PubMed]
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| # Nakano, S., K. N. Erwin, M. Ralle, and P. Zuber. 2005. Redox-sensitive transcriptional control by a thiol/disulphide switch in the global regulator, Spx. Mol. Microbiol. 55:498-510. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez/15659166 PubMed]
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| # Nakano, S., E. Küster-Schöck, A. D. Grossman, and P. Zuber. 2003. Spx dependent global transcriptional control is induced by thiol-specific oxidative stress in Bacillus subtilis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:13603-13608. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez/14597697 PubMed]
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| # Nakano, S., M. M. Nakano, Y. Zhang, M. Leelakriangsak, and P. Zuber. 2003. A regulatory protein that interferes with activator-stimulated transcription in bacteria. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:4233-4238. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez/12642660 PubMed]
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| # Nakano, S., G. Zheng, M. M. Nakano, and P. Zuber. 2002. Multiple pathways of Spx (YjbD) proteolysis in Bacillus subtilis. J. Bacteriol. 184:3664-3670. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez/12057962 PubMed]
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| # Newberry, K. J., S. Nakano, P. Zuber, and R. G. Brennan. 2005. Crystal structure of the Bacillus subtilis anti-alpha, global transcriptional regulator, Spx, in complex with the alpha C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102:15839-15844. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez/16249335 PubMed]
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| # Petersohn, A., J. Bernhardt, U. Gerth, D. Hoper, T. Koburger, U. Volker, and M. Hecker. 1999. Identification of sigma(B)-dependent genes in Bacillus subtilis using a promoter consensus-directed search and oligonucleotide hybridization. J. Bacteriol. 181:5718-5724. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez/10482513 PubMed]
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| # Thackray, P. D., and A. Moir. 2003. SigM, an extracytoplasmic function sigma factor of Bacillus subtilis, is activated in response to cell wall antibiotics, ethanol, heat, acid, and superoxide stress. J. Bacteriol. 185:3491-3498. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez/12775685 PubMed]
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| # Zhang, Y., S. Nakano, S. Y. Choi, and P. Zuber. 2006. Mutational analysis of the Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase alpha C-terminal domain supports the interference model of Spx-dependent repression. J. Bacteriol. 188:4300-4311. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez/16740936 PubMed]
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| # Zhang, Y., and P. Zuber. 2007. Requirement of the zinc-binding domain of ClpX for Spx proteolysis in Bacillus subtilis and effects of disulfide stress on ClpXP activity. J. Bacteriol. 189:7669-7680. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez/17827297 PubMed]
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| # Zuber, P. 2004. Spx-RNA polymerase interaction and global transcriptional control during oxidative stress. J. Bacteriol. 186:1911-1918. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez/15028674 PubMed]
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