Toxins, antitoxins and immunity against toxins

Parent categories	4. Lifestyles 4.3. Coping with stress
Neighbouring categories	4.3.1. General stress proteins (controlled by SigB) 4.3.2. Cell envelope stress proteins (controlled by SigM, W, X, Y) 4.3.3. Acid stress proteins (controlled by YvrI-YvrHa) 4.3.4. Heat shock proteins 4.3.5. Cold stress proteins 4.3.6. Coping with hyper-osmotic stress 4.3.7. Coping with hypo-osmotic stress 4.3.8. Resistance against oxidative and electrophile stress 4.3.9. Resistance against other toxic compounds (nitric oxide, phenolic acids, flavonoids, oxalate) 4.3.10. Resistance against toxic metals 4.3.11. Resistance against toxins/ antibiotics 4.3.12. Biosynthesis of antibacterial compounds 4.3.13. Toxins, antitoxins and immunity against toxins
Related categories	none
Overview on the categories (Excel file) All genes and their categories (Excel file)

Genes in this functional category

• ndoA
• ndoAI
• sdpA
• sdpB
• sdpC
• sdpI
• sdpR
• skfA
• skfB
• skfC
• skfE
• skfF
• spoIISA
• spoIISB
• txpA

Additional candidates (based on similarity)

• ybgB
• yczM
• yczN
• yhzE
• ykfA
• yocD
• yokG
• yonT

Key reviews

Laurence Van Melderen
Toxin-antitoxin systems: why so many, what for?
Curr Opin Microbiol: 2010, 13(6);781-5
[PubMed:21041110] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Kira S Makarova, Yuri I Wolf, Eugene V Koonin
Comprehensive comparative-genomic analysis of type 2 toxin-antitoxin systems and related mobile stress response systems in prokaryotes.
Biol Direct: 2009, 4;19
[PubMed:19493340] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I e)

Laurence Van Melderen, Manuel Saavedra De Bast
Bacterial toxin-antitoxin systems: more than selfish entities?
PLoS Genet: 2009, 5(3);e1000437
[PubMed:19325885] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Kenn Gerdes, Susanne K Christensen, Anders Løbner-Olesen
Prokaryotic toxin-antitoxin stress response loci.
Nat Rev Microbiol: 2005, 3(5);371-82
[PubMed:15864262] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Finbarr Hayes
Toxins-antitoxins: plasmid maintenance, programmed cell death, and cell cycle arrest.
Science: 2003, 301(5639);1496-9
[PubMed:12970556] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)