DltD

• Description: D-alanine transfer from undecaprenol-phosphate to the poly(glycerophosphate) chain, alanylation of teichoic acid provides some resistance against positively charged antimicrobial peptides
  
  

Gene name	dltD
Synonyms	ipa-2r
Essential	no
Product	D-alanine transfer from undecaprenol-phosphate to the poly(glycerophosphate) chain
Function	biosynthesis of teichoic acid
Gene expression levels in SubtiExpress: dltD
Metabolic function and regulation of this protein in SubtiPathways: DltD
MW, pI	44 kDa, 9.858
Gene length, protein length	1176 bp, 392 aa
Immediate neighbours	dltC, dltE
Sequences	Protein DNA DNA_with_flanks
Genetic context This image was kindly provided by SubtiList
Expression at a glance   PubMed

Categories containing this gene/protein

cell wall synthesis, biosynthesis of cell wall components, cell envelope stress proteins (controlled by SigM, V, W, X, Y)

This gene is a member of the following regulons

SigD regulon, SigM regulon, SigX regulon, Spo0A regulon, stringent response, YvrHb regulon

The gene

Basic information

• Locus tag: BSU38530

Phenotypes of a mutant

• more sensitive to nisin PubMed

Database entries

• BsubCyc: BSU38530

• DBTBS entry: [1]

• SubtiList entry: [2]

The protein

Basic information/ Evolution

• Catalyzed reaction/ biological activity:

• Protein family:

• Paralogous protein(s):

Extended information on the protein

• Kinetic information:

• Domains:

• Modification:

• Cofactors:

• Effectors of protein activity:

• Interactions:

• Localization:

Database entries

• BsubCyc: BSU38530

• Structure: 3BMA (from Streptococcus pneumoniae, 26% identity)

• UniProt: P39578

• KEGG entry: [3]

• E.C. number:

Expression and regulation

• Operon: dltA-dltB-dltC-dltD-dltE PubMed

• Expression browser: dltD PubMed

• Sigma factor: SigD PubMed, SigM PubMed, SigX PubMed

• Regulation:
  • RelA dependent downregulation (Class I) during stringent response PubMed
  • repressed under conditions that trigger sporulation (Spo0A) PubMed
  • expression is reduced in a SigV mutant PubMed

• Regulatory mechanism:
  • activated by YvrHb PubMed
  • Spo0A: transcription repression PubMed

• Additional information:
  • number of protein molecules per cell (minimal medium with glucose and ammonium): 79 PubMed
  • number of protein molecules per cell (complex medium with amino acids, without glucose): 830 PubMed

Biological materials

• Mutant:

• Expression vector:

• lacZ fusion:

• GFP fusion:

• two-hybrid system:

• Antibody:

References

Reviews

Stephanie Brown, John P Santa Maria, Suzanne Walker
Wall teichoic acids of gram-positive bacteria.
Annu Rev Microbiol: 2013, 67;313-36
[PubMed:24024634] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Original publications

Anthony W Kingston, Xiaojie Liao, John D Helmann
Contributions of the σ(W) , σ(M) and σ(X) regulons to the lantibiotic resistome of Bacillus subtilis.
Mol Microbiol: 2013, 90(3);502-18
[PubMed:23980836] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Veronica Guariglia-Oropeza, John D Helmann
Bacillus subtilis σ(V) confers lysozyme resistance by activation of two cell wall modification pathways, peptidoglycan O-acetylation and D-alanylation of teichoic acids.
J Bacteriol: 2011, 193(22);6223-32
[PubMed:21926231] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Theresa D Ho, Jessica L Hastie, Peter J Intile, Craig D Ellermeier
The Bacillus subtilis extracytoplasmic function σ factor σ(V) is induced by lysozyme and provides resistance to lysozyme.
J Bacteriol: 2011, 193(22);6215-22
[PubMed:21856855] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Hanne-Leena Hyyryläinen, Milla Pietiäinen, Tuula Lundén, Anna Ekman, Marika Gardemeister, Sanna Murtomäki-Repo, Haike Antelmann, Michael Hecker, Leena Valmu, Matti Sarvas, Vesa P Kontinen
The density of negative charge in the cell wall influences two-component signal transduction in Bacillus subtilis.
Microbiology (Reading): 2007, 153(Pt 7);2126-2136
[PubMed:17600057] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Min Cao, John D Helmann
The Bacillus subtilis extracytoplasmic-function sigmaX factor regulates modification of the cell envelope and resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides.
J Bacteriol: 2004, 186(4);1136-46
[PubMed:14762009] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Hans-Matti Blencke, Georg Homuth, Holger Ludwig, Ulrike Mäder, Michael Hecker, Jörg Stülke
Transcriptional profiling of gene expression in response to glucose in Bacillus subtilis: regulation of the central metabolic pathways.
Metab Eng: 2003, 5(2);133-49
[PubMed:12850135] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

H L Hyyrylainen, M Vitikainen, J Thwaite, H Wu, M Sarvas, C R Harwood, V P Kontinen, K Stephenson
D-Alanine substitution of teichoic acids as a modulator of protein folding and stability at the cytoplasmic membrane/cell wall interface of Bacillus subtilis.
J Biol Chem: 2000, 275(35);26696-703
[PubMed:10871614] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

M Perego, P Glaser, A Minutello, M A Strauch, K Leopold, W Fischer
Incorporation of D-alanine into lipoteichoic acid and wall teichoic acid in Bacillus subtilis. Identification of genes and regulation.
J Biol Chem: 1995, 270(26);15598-606
[PubMed:7797557] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)