WalR

• Description: two-component response regulator, controls cell wall metabolism
  
  

Gene name	walR
Synonyms	yycF
Essential	yes PubMed
Product	two-component response regulator
Function	control of cell wall metabolism
MW, pI	27 kDa, 4.876
Gene length, protein length	705 bp, 235 aa
Immediate neighbours	walK, trnY-Phe
Get the DNA and protein sequences (Barbe et al., 2009)
Genetic context This image was kindly provided by SubtiList

The gene

Basic information

• Locus tag: BSU40410

Phenotypes of a mutant

essential PubMed

Database entries

• DBTBS entry: [1]

• SubtiList entry: [2]

The protein

Basic information/ Evolution

• Catalyzed reaction/ biological activity:

• Protein family: OmpR family of two-component transcription regulators

• Paralogous protein(s):

Genes controlled by WalR PubMed

• Activation by WalR: cwlO, lytE, ydjM, yocH, ftsA-ftsZ PubMed, tagA-tagB PubMed, tagD-tagE-tagF PubMed
• Repression by WalR: iseA, yjeA

Extended information on the protein

• Kinetic information:

• Domains:

• Modification: phosphorylated by WalK on an Asp residue

• Cofactor(s):

• Effectors of protein activity: phosphorylation likely affects DNA-binding activity

• Interactions: WalK-WalR

• Localization: cytoplasm (according to Swiss-Prot)

Database entries

• Structure: 2D1V (DNA binding domain), 2ZWM (receiver domain)

• UniProt: P37478

• KEGG entry: [3]

• E.C. number:

Expression and regulation

• Operon: walR-walK-yycH-yycI-yycJ-yyxA PubMed

• Sigma factor:

• Regulation: expressed during vegetative growth, repressed during stationary phase PubMed

• Regulatory mechanism:

• Additional information:

Biological materials

• Mutant:

• Expression vector:

• lacZ fusion:

• GFP fusion:

• two-hybrid system:

• Antibody:

References

Reviews

Sarah Dubrac, Paola Bisicchia, Kevin M Devine, Tarek Msadek
A matter of life and death: cell wall homeostasis and the WalKR (YycGF) essential signal transduction pathway.
Mol Microbiol: 2008, 70(6);1307-22
[PubMed:19019149] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Sarah Dubrac, Tarek Msadek
Tearing down the wall: peptidoglycan metabolism and the WalK/WalR (YycG/YycF) essential two-component system.
Adv Exp Med Biol: 2008, 631;214-28
[PubMed:18792692] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Malcolm E Winkler, James A Hoch
Essentiality, bypass, and targeting of the YycFG (VicRK) two-component regulatory system in gram-positive bacteria.
J Bacteriol: 2008, 190(8);2645-8
[PubMed:18245295] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Original Publications

Akihiro Doi, Toshihide Okajima, Yasuhiro Gotoh, Katsuyuki Tanizawa, Ryutaro Utsumi
X-ray crystal structure of the DNA-binding domain of response regulator WalR essential to the cell viability of staphylococcus aureus and interaction with target DNA.
Biosci Biotechnol Biochem: 2010, 74(9);1901-7
[PubMed:20834167] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Inga Jende, Kottayil I Varughese, Kevin M Devine
Amino acid identity at one position within the alpha1 helix of both the histidine kinase and the response regulator of the WalRK and PhoPR two-component systems plays a crucial role in the specificity of phosphotransfer.
Microbiology (Reading): 2010, 156(Pt 6);1848-1859
[PubMed:20167622] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Yasuhiro Gotoh, Akihiro Doi, Eiji Furuta, Sarah Dubrac, Yoshimasa Ishizaki, Masato Okada, Masayuki Igarashi, Norihiko Misawa, Hirofumi Yoshikawa, Toshihide Okajima, Tarek Msadek, Ryutaro Utsumi
Novel antibacterial compounds specifically targeting the essential WalR response regulator.
J Antibiot (Tokyo): 2010, 63(3);127-34
[PubMed:20111065] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Haiyan Zhao, Annie Heroux, Reuben D Sequeira, Liang Tang
Preliminary crystallographic studies of the regulatory domain of response regulator YycF from an essential two-component signal transduction system.
Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun: 2009, 65(Pt 7);719-22
[PubMed:19574649] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Tatsuya Fukushima, Hendrik Szurmant, Eun-Ja Kim, Marta Perego, James A Hoch
A sensor histidine kinase co-ordinates cell wall architecture with cell division in Bacillus subtilis.
Mol Microbiol: 2008, 69(3);621-32
[PubMed:18573169] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Sarah Dubrac, Ivo Gomperts Boneca, Olivier Poupel, Tarek Msadek
New insights into the WalK/WalR (YycG/YycF) essential signal transduction pathway reveal a major role in controlling cell wall metabolism and biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus.
J Bacteriol: 2007, 189(22);8257-69
[PubMed:17827301] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Paola Bisicchia, David Noone, Efthimia Lioliou, Alistair Howell, Sarah Quigley, Thomas Jensen, Hanne Jarmer, Kevin M Devine
The essential YycFG two-component system controls cell wall metabolism in Bacillus subtilis.
Mol Microbiol: 2007, 65(1);180-200
[PubMed:17581128] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Patrick D McLaughlin, Benjamin G Bobay, Erin J Regel, Richele J Thompson, James A Hoch, John Cavanagh
Predominantly buried residues in the response regulator Spo0F influence specific sensor kinase recognition.
FEBS Lett: 2007, 581(7);1425-9
[PubMed:17350627] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Hendrik Szurmant, Kristine Nelson, Eun-Ja Kim, Marta Perego, James A Hoch
YycH regulates the activity of the essential YycFG two-component system in Bacillus subtilis.
J Bacteriol: 2005, 187(15);5419-26
[PubMed:16030236] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Alistair Howell, Sarah Dubrac, Kasper Krogh Andersen, David Noone, Juliette Fert, Tarek Msadek, Kevin Devine
Genes controlled by the essential YycG/YycF two-component system of Bacillus subtilis revealed through a novel hybrid regulator approach.
Mol Microbiol: 2003, 49(6);1639-55
[PubMed:12950927] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Keisuke Fukuchi, Yasuhiro Kasahara, Kei Asai, Kazuo Kobayashi, Shigeki Moriya, Naotake Ogasawara
The essential two-component regulatory system encoded by yycF and yycG modulates expression of the ftsAZ operon in Bacillus subtilis.
Microbiology (Reading): 2000, 146 ( Pt 7);1573-1583
[PubMed:10878122] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

C Fabret, V A Feher, J A Hoch
Two-component signal transduction in Bacillus subtilis: how one organism sees its world.
J Bacteriol: 1999, 181(7);1975-83
[PubMed:10094672] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

C Fabret, J A Hoch
A two-component signal transduction system essential for growth of Bacillus subtilis: implications for anti-infective therapy.
J Bacteriol: 1998, 180(23);6375-83
[PubMed:9829949] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)