Difference between revisions of "Spx"

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==Original Publications==
 
==Original Publications==
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[[Category:Protein-coding genes]]
 
[[Category:Protein-coding genes]]

Revision as of 12:25, 31 October 2014

  • Description: transcriptional regulator Spx, involved in regulation of many genes, important for the prevention of protein aggregation during severe heat stress, required for protection against paraquat stress

Gene name spx
Synonyms yjbD
Essential no
Product transcriptional regulator Spx
Function negative and positive regulator of many genes
Gene expression levels in SubtiExpress: spx
Interactions involving this protein in SubtInteract: Spx
Metabolic function and regulation of this protein in SubtiPathways:
spx
MW, pI 15,5 kDa, 7.80
Gene length, protein length 393 bp, 131 amino acids
Immediate neighbours yjbC, yjbE
Sequences Protein DNA DNA_with_flanks
Genetic context
Spx context.gif
This image was kindly provided by SubtiList
Expression at a glance   PubMed
Spx expression.png














Categories containing this gene/protein

transcription factors and their control, general stress proteins (controlled by SigB), cell envelope stress proteins (controlled by SigM, V, W, X, Y), resistance against oxidative and electrophile stress,

This gene is a member of the following regulons

PerR regulon, SigB regulon, SigM regulon, SigW regulon, SigX regulon

The Spx regulon

The gene

Basic information

  • Locus tag: BSU11500

Phenotypes of a mutant

  • Loss of up-regulation of the methionine sulfoxide reductase (msrA-msrB) operon in response to thiol specific oxidative stress, also loss of trxA and trxB upregulation in response to thiol specific oxidative stress.

Database entries

  • DBTBS entry: [1]
  • SubtiList entry: link

Additional information

The protein

Basic information/ Evolution

  • Catalyzed reaction/ biological activity:
    • transcriptional regulator of many genes in response to thiol specific oxidative stress (transcription activator of trxA and trxB)
    • in addition, Spx inhibits transcription by binding to the C-terminal domain of the alpha subunit of RNAP (RpoA), disrupting complex formation between RNAP and certain transcriptional activator proteins like ResD and ComA
    • in response to thiol specific oxidative stress, Spx can also activate transcription, making it a general regulator that exerts both positive and negative control over transcription initiation
    • involved in competence regulation PubMed
  • Protein family: Spx subfamily (according to Swiss-Prot) Arsenate Reductase (ArsC) family, Spx subfamily
  • Paralogous protein(s): MgsR

Extended information on the protein

  • Kinetic information:
  • Domains: CXXC (10-13): Acts as a disulfide switch for the redox-sensitive transcriptional regulation of genes that function in thiol homeostasis.
  • Modification: Cysteine oxidation of the CXXC motif
  • Effectors of protein activity:

Database entries

  • Structure: 1Z3E complex with C-terminal domain of RpoA NCBI
  • KEGG entry: [2]
  • E.C. number:

Additional information

Expression and regulation

  • Regulatory mechanism: transcription repression
  • Additional information:
    • post-translational control by ClpX-ClpP: Spx naturally contains a C-terminal sequence that resembles the SsrA tag and targets the protein for degradation. PubMed
    • proteolysis is enhanced by YjbH PubMed and counter-acted by YirB PubMed
    • the mRNA is substantially stabilized upon depletion of RNase Y (the half-life of the monocistronic spx mRNA increases from 1 to 6 min) PubMed
    • number of protein molecules per cell (complex medium with amino acids, without glucose): 83 PubMed

Biological materials

  • Mutant: ORB6781 (spc), ORB6876 (tet), available in Zuber lab, also available in the Stülke lab
  • Expression vector:
  • lacZ fusion:
  • GFP fusion:
  • two-hybrid system: B. pertussis adenylate cyclase-based bacterial two hybrid system (BACTH), available in Stülke lab
  • Antibody:

Labs working on this gene/protein

Peter Zuber, Oregon Health and Science University, USA Homepage

Richard Brennan, Houston, Texas, USA Homepage

Your additional remarks

References

Reviews

The Spx regulon

Structural analysis of Spx

Original Publications

Jakob Engman, Claes von Wachenfeldt
Regulated protein aggregation: a mechanism to control the activity of the ClpXP adaptor protein YjbH.
Mol Microbiol: 2015, 95(1);51-63
[PubMed:25353645] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Chio Mui Chan, Erik Hahn, Peter Zuber
Adaptor bypass mutations of Bacillus subtilis spx suggest a mechanism for YjbH-enhanced proteolysis of the regulator Spx by ClpXP.
Mol Microbiol: 2014, 93(3);426-38
[PubMed:24942655] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Stephanie Runde, Noël Molière, Anja Heinz, Etienne Maisonneuve, Armgard Janczikowski, Alexander K W Elsholz, Ulf Gerth, Michael Hecker, Kürşad Turgay
The role of thiol oxidative stress response in heat-induced protein aggregate formation during thermotolerance in Bacillus subtilis.
Mol Microbiol: 2014, 91(5);1036-52
[PubMed:24417481] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Chun-Kai Yang, Phang C Tai, Chung-Dar Lu
Time-related transcriptome analysis of B. subtilis 168 during growth with glucose.
Curr Microbiol: 2014, 68(1);12-20
[PubMed:23934352] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Ahmed Gaballa, Haike Antelmann, Chris J Hamilton, John D Helmann
Regulation of Bacillus subtilis bacillithiol biosynthesis operons by Spx.
Microbiology (Reading): 2013, 159(Pt 10);2025-2035
[PubMed:23894131] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Alexander Reder, Dirk Höper, Ulf Gerth, Michael Hecker
Contributions of individual σB-dependent general stress genes to oxidative stress resistance of Bacillus subtilis.
J Bacteriol: 2012, 194(14);3601-10
[PubMed:22582280] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Ann A Lin, Peter Zuber
Evidence that a single monomer of Spx can productively interact with RNA polymerase in Bacillus subtilis.
J Bacteriol: 2012, 194(7);1697-707
[PubMed:22307755] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Martin Lehnik-Habrink, Marc Schaffer, Ulrike Mäder, Christine Diethmaier, Christina Herzberg, Jörg Stülke
RNA processing in Bacillus subtilis: identification of targets of the essential RNase Y.
Mol Microbiol: 2011, 81(6);1459-73
[PubMed:21815947] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Sushma Kommineni, Saurabh K Garg, Chio Mui Chan, Peter Zuber
YjbH-enhanced proteolysis of Spx by ClpXP in Bacillus subtilis is inhibited by the small protein YirB (YuzO).
J Bacteriol: 2011, 193(9);2133-40
[PubMed:21378193] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Michiko M Nakano, Ann Lin, Cole S Zuber, Kate J Newberry, Richard G Brennan, Peter Zuber
Promoter recognition by a complex of Spx and the C-terminal domain of the RNA polymerase alpha subunit.
PLoS One: 2010, 5(1);e8664
[PubMed:20084284] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I e)

Andriansjah Rukmana, Takuya Morimoto, Hiroki Takahashi, Giyanto, Naotake Ogasawara
Assessment of transcriptional responses of Bacillus subtilis cells to the antibiotic enduracidin, which interferes with cell wall synthesis, using a high-density tiling chip.
Genes Genet Syst: 2009, 84(4);253-67
[PubMed:20057163] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Saurabh K Garg, Sushma Kommineni, Luke Henslee, Ying Zhang, Peter Zuber
The YjbH protein of Bacillus subtilis enhances ClpXP-catalyzed proteolysis of Spx.
J Bacteriol: 2009, 191(4);1268-77
[PubMed:19074380] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Dindo Y Reyes, Peter Zuber
Activation of transcription initiation by Spx: formation of transcription complex and identification of a Cis-acting element required for transcriptional activation.
Mol Microbiol: 2008, 69(3);765-79
[PubMed:18687074] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

CongHui You, Agnieszka Sekowska, Olivera Francetic, Isabelle Martin-Verstraete, YiPing Wang, Antoine Danchin
Spx mediates oxidative stress regulation of the methionine sulfoxide reductases operon in Bacillus subtilis.
BMC Microbiol: 2008, 8;128
[PubMed:18662407] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I e)

Falko Hochgräfe, Carmen Wolf, Stephan Fuchs, Manuel Liebeke, Michael Lalk, Susanne Engelmann, Michael Hecker
Nitric oxide stress induces different responses but mediates comparable protein thiol protection in Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus.
J Bacteriol: 2008, 190(14);4997-5008
[PubMed:18487332] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Warawan Eiamphungporn, John D Helmann
The Bacillus subtilis sigma(M) regulon and its contribution to cell envelope stress responses.
Mol Microbiol: 2008, 67(4);830-48
[PubMed:18179421] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Jonas T Larsson, Annika Rogstam, Claes von Wachenfeldt
YjbH is a novel negative effector of the disulphide stress regulator, Spx, in Bacillus subtilis.
Mol Microbiol: 2007, 66(3);669-84
[PubMed:17908206] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Ying Zhang, Peter Zuber
Requirement of the zinc-binding domain of ClpX for Spx proteolysis in Bacillus subtilis and effects of disulfide stress on ClpXP activity.
J Bacteriol: 2007, 189(21);7669-80
[PubMed:17827297] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Adrian J Jervis, Penny D Thackray, Chris W Houston, Malcolm J Horsburgh, Anne Moir
SigM-responsive genes of Bacillus subtilis and their promoters.
J Bacteriol: 2007, 189(12);4534-8
[PubMed:17434969] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Montira Leelakriangsak, Kazuo Kobayashi, Peter Zuber
Dual negative control of spx transcription initiation from the P3 promoter by repressors PerR and YodB in Bacillus subtilis.
J Bacteriol: 2007, 189(5);1736-44
[PubMed:17158660] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Soon-Yong Choi, Dindo Reyes, Montira Leelakriangsak, Peter Zuber
The global regulator Spx functions in the control of organosulfur metabolism in Bacillus subtilis.
J Bacteriol: 2006, 188(16);5741-51
[PubMed:16885442] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Ying Zhang, Shunji Nakano, Soon-Yong Choi, Peter Zuber
Mutational analysis of the Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase alpha C-terminal domain supports the interference model of Spx-dependent repression.
J Bacteriol: 2006, 188(12);4300-11
[PubMed:16740936] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Dirk Höper, Uwe Völker, Michael Hecker
Comprehensive characterization of the contribution of individual SigB-dependent general stress genes to stress resistance of Bacillus subtilis.
J Bacteriol: 2005, 187(8);2810-26
[PubMed:15805528] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Shunji Nakano, Kyle N Erwin, Martina Ralle, Peter Zuber
Redox-sensitive transcriptional control by a thiol/disulphide switch in the global regulator, Spx.
Mol Microbiol: 2005, 55(2);498-510
[PubMed:15659166] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Penny D Thackray, Anne Moir
SigM, an extracytoplasmic function sigma factor of Bacillus subtilis, is activated in response to cell wall antibiotics, ethanol, heat, acid, and superoxide stress.
J Bacteriol: 2003, 185(12);3491-8
[PubMed:12775685] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Shunji Nakano, Michiko M Nakano, Ying Zhang, Montira Leelakriangsak, Peter Zuber
A regulatory protein that interferes with activator-stimulated transcription in bacteria.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A: 2003, 100(7);4233-8
[PubMed:12642660] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Shunji Nakano, Guolu Zheng, Michiko M Nakano, Peter Zuber
Multiple pathways of Spx (YjbD) proteolysis in Bacillus subtilis.
J Bacteriol: 2002, 184(13);3664-70
[PubMed:12057962] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

M M Nakano, F Hajarizadeh, Y Zhu, P Zuber
Loss-of-function mutations in yjbD result in ClpX- and ClpP-independent competence development of Bacillus subtilis.
Mol Microbiol: 2001, 42(2);383-94
[PubMed:11703662] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

H Antelmann, C Scharf, M Hecker
Phosphate starvation-inducible proteins of Bacillus subtilis: proteomics and transcriptional analysis.
J Bacteriol: 2000, 182(16);4478-90
[PubMed:10913081] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

A Petersohn, J Bernhardt, U Gerth, D Höper, T Koburger, U Völker, M Hecker
Identification of sigma(B)-dependent genes in Bacillus subtilis using a promoter consensus-directed search and oligonucleotide hybridization.
J Bacteriol: 1999, 181(18);5718-24
[PubMed:10482513] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

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