PerR

• Description: transcriptional repressor of the peroxide regulon
  
  

Gene name	perR
Synonyms	ygaG
Essential	no
Product	transcriptional repressor (Fur family)
Function	regulation of the response to peroxide
Gene expression levels in SubtiExpress: perR
Metabolic function and regulation of this protein in SubtiPathways: perR
MW, pI	16 kDa, 5.888
Gene length, protein length	435 bp, 145 aa
Immediate neighbours	ygaF, ygzB
Sequences	Protein DNA DNA_with_flanks
Genetic context This image was kindly provided by SubtiList
Expression at a glance   PubMed

Categories containing this gene/protein

transcription factors and their control, resistance against oxidative and electrophile stress

This gene is a member of the following regulons

PerR regulon

The gene

Basic information

• Locus tag: BSU08730

Phenotypes of a mutant

• resistant to hydrogen peroxide, accumulates a porphyrin-like compound, and grows very slowly (due to heme sequestration by KatA) PubMed

Database entries

• DBTBS entry: [1]

• SubtiList entry: [2]

The protein

Basic information/ Evolution

• Catalyzed reaction/ biological activity:

• Protein family: Fur family

• Paralogous protein(s): Zur, Fur

Extended information on the protein

• Kinetic information:

• Domains:

• Modification:
  • selective metal catalyzed oxidation of two histidine residues of the regulatory site results in induction (loss of DNA-binding activity) PubMed

• Cofactor(s): contains an Fe(2+) at the regulatory site and Zn(2+) PubMed

• Effectors of protein activity:
  • responds to the presence of hydrogen peroxide

• Interactions:

• Localization: cytoplasm (according to Swiss-Prot)

Database entries

• Structure: 2RGV 3F8N

• UniProt: P71086

• KEGG entry: [3]

• E.C. number:

Expression and regulation

• Operon: perR PubMed

• Expression browser: perR PubMed

• Sigma factor: SigA PubMed

• Regulation:
  • negative autoregulation PubMed
  • induced in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (PerR) PubMed

• Regulatory mechanism:
  • PerR: transcription repression PubMed

• Additional information:

Biological materials

• Mutant: HB0509 (spc), available in John Helmann's and Jörg Stülke's labs, also GP868 (fur::mls, perR::spc).
  • 1A903 ( perR::kan), PubMed, available at BGSC

• Expression vector:

• lacZ fusion:

• GFP fusion:

• two-hybrid system:

• Antibody:

Labs working on this gene/protein

John Helmann, Cornell University, USA Homepage

References

Reviews

James M Dubbs, Skorn Mongkolsuk
Peroxide-sensing transcriptional regulators in bacteria.
J Bacteriol: 2012, 194(20);5495-503
[PubMed:22797754] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Melinda J Faulkner, John D Helmann
Peroxide stress elicits adaptive changes in bacterial metal ion homeostasis.
Antioxid Redox Signal: 2011, 15(1);175-89
[PubMed:20977351] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Victor Duarte, Jean-Marc Latour
PerR vs OhrR: selective peroxide sensing in Bacillus subtilis.
Mol Biosyst: 2010, 6(2);316-23
[PubMed:20094649] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Peter Zuber
Management of oxidative stress in Bacillus.
Annu Rev Microbiol: 2009, 63;575-97
[PubMed:19575568] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

David P Giedroc
Hydrogen peroxide sensing in Bacillus subtilis: it is all about the (metallo)regulator.
Mol Microbiol: 2009, 73(1);1-4
[PubMed:19508286] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Original Publications

Chun-Kai Yang, Phang C Tai, Chung-Dar Lu
Time-related transcriptome analysis of B. subtilis 168 during growth with glucose.
Curr Microbiol: 2014, 68(1);12-20
[PubMed:23934352] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Nishanth Makthal, Sheila Rastegari, Misu Sanson, Zhen Ma, Randall J Olsen, John D Helmann, James M Musser, Muthiah Kumaraswami
Crystal structure of peroxide stress regulator from Streptococcus pyogenes provides functional insights into the mechanism of oxidative stress sensing.
J Biol Chem: 2013, 288(25);18311-24
[PubMed:23645680] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Zhen Ma, Melinda J Faulkner, John D Helmann
Origins of specificity and cross-talk in metal ion sensing by Bacillus subtilis Fur.
Mol Microbiol: 2012, 86(5);1144-55
[PubMed:23057863] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Melinda J Faulkner, Zhen Ma, Mayuree Fuangthong, John D Helmann
Derepression of the Bacillus subtilis PerR peroxide stress response leads to iron deficiency.
J Bacteriol: 2012, 194(5);1226-35
[PubMed:22194458] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Zhen Ma, Jin-Won Lee, John D Helmann
Identification of altered function alleles that affect Bacillus subtilis PerR metal ion selectivity.
Nucleic Acids Res: 2011, 39(12);5036-44
[PubMed:21398634] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

L Jacquamet, D A K Traoré, J-L Ferrer, O Proux, D Testemale, J-L Hazemann, E Nazarenko, A El Ghazouani, C Caux-Thang, V Duarte, J-M Latour
Structural characterization of the active form of PerR: insights into the metal-induced activation of PerR and Fur proteins for DNA binding.
Mol Microbiol: 2009, 73(1);20-31
[PubMed:19508285] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Falko Hochgräfe, Carmen Wolf, Stephan Fuchs, Manuel Liebeke, Michael Lalk, Susanne Engelmann, Michael Hecker
Nitric oxide stress induces different responses but mediates comparable protein thiol protection in Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus.
J Bacteriol: 2008, 190(14);4997-5008
[PubMed:18487332] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Montira Leelakriangsak, Kazuo Kobayashi, Peter Zuber
Dual negative control of spx transcription initiation from the P3 promoter by repressors PerR and YodB in Bacillus subtilis.
J Bacteriol: 2007, 189(5);1736-44
[PubMed:17158660] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Jin-Won Lee, John D Helmann
Biochemical characterization of the structural Zn2+ site in the Bacillus subtilis peroxide sensor PerR.
J Biol Chem: 2006, 281(33);23567-78
[PubMed:16766519] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Jin-Won Lee, John D Helmann
The PerR transcription factor senses H2O2 by metal-catalysed histidine oxidation.
Nature: 2006, 440(7082);363-7
[PubMed:16541078] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Kentaro Hayashi, Taku Ohsawa, Kazuo Kobayashi, Naotake Ogasawara, Mitsuo Ogura
The H2O2 stress-responsive regulator PerR positively regulates srfA expression in Bacillus subtilis.
J Bacteriol: 2005, 187(19);6659-67
[PubMed:16166527] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Charles M Moore, Michiko M Nakano, Tao Wang, Rick W Ye, John D Helmann
Response of Bacillus subtilis to nitric oxide and the nitrosating agent sodium nitroprusside.
J Bacteriol: 2004, 186(14);4655-64
[PubMed:15231799] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Mayuree Fuangthong, John D Helmann
Recognition of DNA by three ferric uptake regulator (Fur) homologs in Bacillus subtilis.
J Bacteriol: 2003, 185(21);6348-57
[PubMed:14563870] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

John D Helmann, Ming Fang Winston Wu, Ahmed Gaballa, Phil A Kobel, Maud M Morshedi, Paul Fawcett, Chris Paddon
The global transcriptional response of Bacillus subtilis to peroxide stress is coordinated by three transcription factors.
J Bacteriol: 2003, 185(1);243-53
[PubMed:12486061] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Ahmed Gaballa, John D Helmann
A peroxide-induced zinc uptake system plays an important role in protection against oxidative stress in Bacillus subtilis.
Mol Microbiol: 2002, 45(4);997-1005
[PubMed:12180919] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Mayuree Fuangthong, Andrew F Herbig, Nada Bsat, John D Helmann
Regulation of the Bacillus subtilis fur and perR genes by PerR: not all members of the PerR regulon are peroxide inducible.
J Bacteriol: 2002, 184(12);3276-86
[PubMed:12029044] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

A F Herbig, J D Helmann
Roles of metal ions and hydrogen peroxide in modulating the interaction of the Bacillus subtilis PerR peroxide regulon repressor with operator DNA.
Mol Microbiol: 2001, 41(4);849-59
[PubMed:11532148] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

L Casillas-Martinez, A Driks, B Setlow, P Setlow
Lack of a significant role for the PerR regulator in Bacillus subtilis spore resistance.
FEMS Microbiol Lett: 2000, 188(2);203-8
[PubMed:10913706] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

N Bsat, A Herbig, L Casillas-Martinez, P Setlow, J D Helmann
Bacillus subtilis contains multiple Fur homologues: identification of the iron uptake (Fur) and peroxide regulon (PerR) repressors.
Mol Microbiol: 1998, 29(1);189-98
[PubMed:9701813] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

N Bsat, L Chen, J D Helmann
Mutation of the Bacillus subtilis alkyl hydroperoxide reductase (ahpCF) operon reveals compensatory interactions among hydrogen peroxide stress genes.
J Bacteriol: 1996, 178(22);6579-86
[PubMed:8932315] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)